In mongrel, all diseases of the epidermis can be divided into specific dame groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular contagion caused by means of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most standard diseases of the skin of any majority group. These catalogue folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and numerous others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused alongside pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya stop trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused close bizarre viruses:
herpes simplex and
herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the skin, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a passably normal circle of outer layer diseases caused alongside divers pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a league of skin diseases caused close to an allergic fleece answer to something. These take in allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused principally before changes in the upset organization: itchy skin, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most stock inveterate pelt plague that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an expected, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Dermatophytosis, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Widespread connective network disease characterized nigh lesions of connective conglomeration subsume lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a ailment, the solitary or primary morphological mug of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the scrape (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized by nonspecific irritation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa dyed in the wool, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary decorticate disease, manifested by a variety of pathological processes in the skin: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of skin appendages (sebaceous glands, trifle and nails) group seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the skin constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, mostly caused by disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the lamina, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus boil +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized by the regular appearance of restored boils at contrary stages of progress in remarkable parts of the body. So, the condition is defined as a chronic relapsing inflaming process.
The most visit sites of localization boils are the cover (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The disease most of the time develops on areas of incrustation trauma, level pegging minutest, in the form of a distinct target, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a separate boils (rind contamination, scratches, extravagant emitting of sweat blood and sebaceous glands, etc.), as successfully as the weakening of the protected eminence (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency state in connection with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether again there are cases where furunculosis is a complexity of other shell diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Sole boils expatiate on as put: on the coating profound unpleasant pustule appears vivacious red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of evolving, it begins to stick out beyond everything the conical bracing pelt, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the pustule, accompanied close to copious purulent necrotic mass. The function ends with scarring of the hearth.
The characteristic between separate furuncle and furunculosis is that the appearance of multiple boils may worsen the patient: fever may crop, the unaggressive complained of normal irresoluteness, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Practicable complications of the disorder as per usual come out when it is localized on the president (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic inflammation of the few locks follicles, which join to configuration a free traitorous infiltrate. Normally develops as a consequence of the unchanged factors that simmer (rind contamination, offence, unwarranted emanating of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The ailment is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most frequent apartment of air formations - the side with of the neck, shoulders, tochis and earlier small back.
Since the rebellious process involves distinct whisker follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the chafe, a two necrotic cores. Inflamed film is substantially swells, becomes purplish-red and zealous to the touch. In analogue, there is deterioration of general requirement of the passive: there is a fever (temperature may rise to 40 degrees), trouble, nausea or vomiting, serious cramp at the site of localization of irritation, the dogged feels a inclusive irresoluteness, diminution of appetite.
After a sure age revealed an heated follicle, forming a sprinkling openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its recall remains a festering chancre face, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a savagely star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a handful areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of infection (in the primordial stages of expansion), the social of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a assembly of diseases of the strip and its appendages (curls and nails) caused during pathogenic fungi of different genera. They occupy a weighty lodgings among the mycoses.
Total the fungal diseases should prefer to identified a number of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of styled deep mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which hold an transitional leaning between fungi and bacteria.
The most regular integument diseases caused on fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These number husk diseases eidermofitiya abandon rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused by red trihofitonom, they can wasting not exclusive the hide of the feet and nails, and other healthy areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of exclusive hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regulation in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on feeble surfaces, in foul waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting just the appear areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Mass the noteworthy keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the skin, nails and nail ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs at near them in diverse ways, including the increase of candidiasis is practical with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, best to dysbacteriosis.
The intensely mycoses in Europe are rare - they are character of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when husk microtraumas. On the fleece, there are sundry bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The risk of unfathomable fungal infections is that they put on the deeper layers of decorticate, subcutaneous accumulation, underlying muscles and self-possessed bones and internal organs and over leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried manifest using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If stew over fungus is sometimes required surgery - shifting of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by way of different types of considerate papillomavirus (HPV).
There are various types of warts, depending on the pattern of agent: vulgaris (overused) are caused alongside pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the smooth - the causative means of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Traditional (tasteless) indoctrination are most often observed in teens and adolescence. They look like pimples corporeal pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, ungracious surface, whose dimensions vary from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most commonly they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Flat warts are found by in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple hoop-shaped or oval papules color with a silky surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the fa‡ade, neck, chest, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, lose above the even of healthy skin.
Plantar can develop at any time, they waken the materialization of micro stop fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is regularly multiple, flat, firm to the touch with the grouping of a uncivil surface. Some of them quickly stabbing, extremely those in the field of lean on during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and stand for the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative spokesman of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in the service of humans. The virus is transmitted around direct contact (including procreative) and through the put of stereotyped items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The illness is more plain in preschool children. In persons of mean and stale discretion blight provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the complaint is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect sign of them.
The incubation patch is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The disease is manifested at near the illusion of the coating penetration of the virus in places, creative, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from individual mm to 1 cm in the center of the unit detected a insult indentation. When you click on an item from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish pasty mass.
The number of emerged nodules may be original: single most located on the face, neck, side with of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the skin and grouped into small pockets. In the containerize of the virus into the hull help of physical conjunction molluscum contagiosum commonly localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements wait on to merge, transforming into a big-hearted tumor-like formations with rough edges - the supposed "giant clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can become extinct on their own, but the coinciding rise of new elements in the then sham areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Herpes - a chronic illness of the peel, nails and joints, characterized about the demeanour on the coating monomorphic rash. The rash is a flat papules of numerous sizes that attend to to amalgamate into considerable pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the moment it is single of the most proverbial chronic diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is simulated not solitary the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this understanding is not scientifically proven.
There are a handful theories with regard to the launching of the affliction: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased apartment proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the edgy arrangement) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis piercing, customary of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the setigerous mitoses found in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the riotous infiltrate.
The evolvement of the bug is characterized by a medley of start: the disease can start bordering on undiscovered by the patient with the arrival of multiple papules and may explicit impetuous spread of the shell fa‡ade scars. The infirmity is caused not later than the seasons: that being the case, the most standard "winter" genus with exacerbations during the indifferent opportunity ripe, at least - "summer". Also, then there is a half-bred type of exacerbation which stand up at any heyday of year.
There are several forms of the disease: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - pelt lesions of an inflammatory nature, resulting from actual crash on it. There are lowly and allergic graze lesions.
The appearance of elementary dermatitis occurs when exposed to bind stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), palpable impact (maximum or crude temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, shedding, colourless stress, electric up to date, etc.). The rabble-rousing development develops in the hull at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its severity depends on the force and direction time stimulus, as admirably as the properties of the outer layer and the localization of inflammatory lesions. There are three stages of the complaint: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the incrustation is constantly, you mightiness congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple manifestation occurs in a minute after exposure to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, corpulent areas of skin, a clinical picture that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic compensation of delayed classification to the stimulus. Allergens are usually chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are introduce in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg tresses dyes).
The clinical double of allergic form of the malady is as follows: the skin reddens without the formation of sharp boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with clear or dim substance, which at the launch of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical exact likeness of atopic dermatitis differs from the simple particulars that the prime affects the epidermis, not not on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. For model, the effects of an allergic reply to on one's uppers quality ink can spread on the gall, neck and tranquil chest. Self-centred feelings of the passive is most oftentimes characterized by way of a pronounced itching.
Itching - a demand in which the development of skilled matter are changes in the on pins system. Itching - the feeling that causes the necessity to comb the skin. In all probability, this identification of drag, but in modified profile, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous nerve endings responsible for the duration of misery perception. Some scholars take identified in mortal skin-specific receptors that perceive an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the skin;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a variety of pathological lesions of the disturbed approach, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine scenery (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malevolent diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a party of skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain skin diseases, itching is their at most clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly studied, but it is known that in its establishment involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized before paroxysmal, his seizures usually occur in the evening and unendingly time. Is intolerable character, so much a weighed down outside brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or punctually character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Categorize the following subtypes of generalized itching: time-worn, high-altitude, solar (headlamp). An antediluvian fetter appears in the elderly (beyond 60) and is rightful to involutional (presenile) processes in the main part including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a acme of over 7000 m insusceptible to perplexed above-board, it arises as a sequel of stimulation of baroreceptors. Sun is unpaid to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized pine is characterized past little, it inveterately occurs in the anus, alien genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching chronic inflammation in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that surface in menopause. Continued fact of itching can decoy to complications in the erect of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized coating ulcers observed irritability, sleep disorder potency, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a lasting epidermis sickness of rabid description, which is characterized before the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are tending to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the strip (its seal, a disregarding of the calculate).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: diffuse and limited. About is an allergic answer to the stimulus. It can induce ruined nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, resign, kidney), the centers of other continuing infections, as grandly as practicable disorders of the central worked up plan, autonomic scheme, disorders of the endocrine essence (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The leading job in the event of this infection are disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. It can occur at any age.
The ranking trait is the air of digressive neurodermatitis papules pale pink, subjectively characterized alongside itching. Papules care for to merge into unbroken lesions with ensuing lichenification of the skin. Such centers as a rule are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the fleece occur on the dial, back and chest on the veneer become visible pink erythema, with no perceptibly boundaries and characterized near lightly made desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in trustworthy areas of the skin, itchy and dialect right glowing nail dish, looks like polished. Because scratching can league with pyococcus infection. The peel becomes dry, universal gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: be in the arms of morpheus upset, appetite harm, hypotension,
Purpura, appreciation, fatigue, hypoglycemia, etc. The dogged becomes excitable, sobbing, perhaps lowering of body weight.
The disease is characterized by a prolonged obviously with a analogous to of inflammation subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the sequence of this health circumstances until the erythroderma. This may be owing to an unfavorable line of the complaint, improper treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Constricted neurodermatitis affects narrow areas of the excoriate, the most ordinary localization - nurse and side of the neck, the skin approximately the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the limited appearance are divided into three zones:
center, the biggest mark of which is lichenification of the shell;
Abject - that limit of the fleece, which rise shiny papular ill-advised of young measurements;
unessential, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized beside enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as successfully as changes in the chemical harmony of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical set-up of sebum leads to the suppression of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a follow-up, the nourishing microflora of the skin is transformed into pathogenic. The tumult of secretion of sebaceous glands are usually caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the direction of the latter. Most much this occurs at the grow older of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this plague are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration around flay appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused away obstruction of the voting for sebaceous escape that occurs as a fruit of enhanced keratinization.
The most around at sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest number of sebaceous glands - the audacity, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a thick (obscure and runny), and dry blended.
If there is a thick soapy seal and reduced ductility of the coating, which becomes brownish-grayish color. On a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squeeze in sight of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a crawling congeries of tallow. The ringlets in this tone of the disease change agitated, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluent variety is characterized near fatty losneniem pelt pores greatly expanded, including plenty of sebum released. The plaits of the noggin look like oiled, are glued to distinct strands, they detected a heavy-set numeral of yellowish scales; viable alopecia. Extent the complications make folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea personal reduced excretion of portly, abounding in aspect on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales play, as a rule, or the whole dome, or in the occipital-parietal jurisdiction, and they are without doubt separated and dwindle to the clothes. Locks becomes monotonous and brittle. In this genus of condition on the skin enter into the picture pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the surface of scads small scales - seboreidy.
The dry shape of the disease is accompanied by means of subjective sensations: patients complain of a ambiance of tightening of the pelt, tingling, notably growing after washing with cold water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized sooner than enhanced excretion of plenteousness in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and fruitless incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of loaded was observed but in the frontal and parietal regions.